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美国最高法院通过特朗普“旅行禁令”,这八个国家将受其影响

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发表于 2017-12-5 07:47:49 | 显示全部楼层 |阅读模式
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Illustration: CNN


经过近一年的法庭争辩和三版修订,当地时间12月5日,美国最高法院裁定特朗普的旅行禁令全面生效。

由于这一旅行禁令主要针对以穆斯林为主的国家,自1月份颁布第一版以来,一直被批评者称为“禁穆令”。禁令生效后,来自乍得、伊朗、利比亚、索马里、叙利亚和也门这六个国家的旅行者除非得到特别许可,否则将无法入境美国。早前,下级法院已经允许针对朝鲜公民和来自委内瑞拉的部分政府官员的旅行禁令生效。
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The U.S. Supreme Court on Monday handed a victory to President Donald Trump by allowing his latest travel ban targeting people from six Muslim-majority countries to go into full effect even as legal challenges continue in lower courts.

美国最高法院于周一(当地时间12月4日)宣布特朗普总统最新的旅行禁令全面生效,虽然在一些下级法院中依然面临着法律挑战。这项最新禁令主要针对6个以穆斯林为主的国家。

The nine-member court, with two liberal justices dissenting, granted his administration’s request to lift two injunctions imposed by lower courts that had partially blocked the ban, which is the third version of a contentious policy that Trump first sought to implement a week after taking office in January.

法庭由9名成员组成,在其中两名自由派法官对禁令表示反对的情况下,批准了特朗普当局要求解除下级法院的两项部分阻止旅行禁令的命令。这项禁令已经是这个 “有争议的政策”的第三个版本了,今年1月特朗普就职总统一周时首次提出该禁令。
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File photo: Reuters


The high court’s action means that the ban will now go fully into effect for people from Chad, Iran, Libya, Somalia, Syria and Yemen seeking to enter the United States. The Republican president has said the travel ban is needed to protect the United States from terrorism by Islamic militants.

最高法院的裁决意味着从即刻起,来自乍得、伊朗、利比亚、索马里、叙利亚和也门这六个国家的人民入境美国将受到旅行禁令的影响。来自共和党的总统表示,实施旅行禁令是为了保护美国免受恐怖主义袭击。

In a statement, Attorney General Jeff Sessions called the Supreme Court’s action “a substantial victory for the safety and security of the American people.” Sessions said the Trump administration was heartened that a clear majority of the justices “allowed the president’s lawful proclamation protecting our country’s national security to go into full effect.”

在一份声明中,司法部长杰夫·塞申斯(Jeff Sessions)表示最高法院的做法是“保障美国人民安全的实质性胜利”。塞申斯称,绝大多数法官“允许总统保护人民安全的合法宣言全面生效”,特朗普当局对此感到非常欣慰。
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Photo: VCG


The ban was challenged in separate lawsuits by the state of Hawaii and the American Civil Liberties Union. Both sets of challengers said the latest ban, like the earlier ones, discriminates against Muslims in violation of the U.S. Constitution and is not permissible under immigration laws.

夏威夷州和美国公民自由联盟分别针对这项旅行禁令提起了诉讼。挑战者认为,第三版禁令和前两版一样,歧视穆斯林的行为违反了美国宪法,也不符合移民法规定。

Trump had promised as a candidate to impose “a total and complete shutdown of Muslims entering the United States.” Last week he shared on Twitter anti-Muslim videos posted by a far-right British party leader.

特朗普早在竞选总统时就曾承诺颁布“一项完全禁止穆斯林入境美国”的法令。上周,他在推特上分享了英国极右翼党派领导人发布的反穆斯林的视频。
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Lower courts had previously limited the scope of the ban to people without either certain family connections to the United States or formal relationships with U.S.-based entities such as universities and resettlement agencies.

下级法院曾经将禁令范围限制在与美国没有某种家庭联系的人或者与大学、移民安置机构等美国实体没有联系的人。

Trump’s ban also covers people from North Korea and certain government officials from Venezuela, but the lower courts had already allowed those provisions to go into effect.

特朗普的旅行禁令还包括朝鲜人民和部分委内瑞拉政府官员,但是下级法院已经表示允许这些条款生效。
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File photo: AP


关于批评者将旅行禁令称为“禁穆令”的说法,当局予以否认,称禁令是出于国家安全考虑,并非宗教敌意,这些国家的公民也并非完全不可能入境美国:
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Illustration: Daily Express


There are some exceptions to the ban. Certain people from each targeted country can still apply for a visa for tourism, business or education purposes, and any applicant can ask for an individual waiver.

禁令中也有一些例外,目标国家中的部分人依然可以申请旅游、商务或者教育为目的的签证,申请人也可以主动表示弃权。

Trump issued his first travel ban targeting several Muslim-majority countries in January, then issued a revised one in March after the first was blocked by federal courts. The second one expired in September after a long court fight and was replaced with the present version.

1月份时,特朗普发布了禁令的第一版,禁止一些穆斯林为主的国家人士入境美国。由于联邦法院否决,3月份时又发布了修订版。经过漫长的法庭争论之后,9月份修订版禁令过期,被现有版本取代。
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Illustration: WCTV


The Trump administration said the president put the latest restrictions in place after a worldwide review of the ability of each country in the world to issue reliable passports and share data with the United States.

特朗普当局表示,总统对全球国家发行可靠护照和与美国共享数据的能力进行审查后,颁布了最新版的禁令。

The administration argues that a president has broad authority to decide who can come into the United States, but detractors say the expanded ban violates a law forbidding the government from discriminating based on nationality when issuing immigrant visas.

当局称,总统有权决定谁能够入境美国,但是批评者表示扩大后的禁令违反了禁止政府在发放移民签证时存在国籍歧视的法律。

The administration has said the ban is not discriminatory and pointed out that many Muslim-majority countries are unaffected by it.

当局还表示,禁令并非歧视性的,并且指出有很多以穆斯林为主的国家没有受到该禁令的影响。

最高法院裁决一出,立即引发网友们在推特上的热议。其中,不乏与第一版、第二版禁令颁布时相似的批评与反对的声音:
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看到最高法院裁决“禁穆令”全面生效,真的很失望。不但令人觉得可恶、不公平,还会鼓励这个国家中所有的偏执者。
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美国今年大规模枪击案次数打破了记录,犯罪者都是白人男性。但是现在却禁止来自穆斯林国家的人到美国开始新的生活。
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宪法中没有憎恨这一条。这不是美国的方式。我们永远不接受这种针对一种宗教信仰的偏执。
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我不是穆斯林,但是我认为没有必要“禁止有某种宗教信仰的人士入境”。我们应该禁止持有枪或者有杀伤性武器的人入境才对。

但同时,也有一部分支持者认为,这就是一项出于国家安全考虑的更为严格的“旅行禁令”:
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这不是什么“禁穆令”,这是一份严格的针对“可能与恐怖主义相关”国家的旅行禁令,在奥巴马执政期间就有类似的政策了。
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我觉得这并不是“禁穆令”。我发誓,最高法院只是裁定了一项针对“可能与恐怖主义相关”国家的旅行禁令全面生效而已。我这样说是不是没有考虑一些“玻璃心”的感受?
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如果你同意#我们永远不该有“禁穆令”的说法,那你可能是最近5年内都没去过欧洲。欧洲的大城市都成了“战场”,他们的文化也一蹶不振,然而他们却没办法回到过去,因为他们的思想还停留在陈旧的自我牺牲阶段。

来源:Reuters,CNN,推特综合 /图片除标注外均来自网络
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