美国如何减少车祸

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美国汽车如潮，全国每三个人就有两辆车。美国高速公路绝大多数没有收费站，有的路段时速可高达75迈（mile），约等于120公里。美国车祸不少，2007年前，每年因车祸而死亡的人数达4万多。在世界车祸黑名单上，只比中国丶印度等国家“逊色”而已。中国每年车祸死亡人数，根据交通部的统计，为10万左右，多年保持世界第一。

这几年美国的车祸死亡人数降低幅度较大。2008年为37423人，2009年为33808人，2010年为32788人。

车祸的发生自然跟路况丶车子关系密切。美国高速公路大多为人民服务几十年了，相当老化，因而需经常保养维修，钱来自政府拨款和地方税收。美国的车子的年检，一定包括车子的安全性。卖出的车子若有安全隐患，汽车厂家一定会召回修理。

但是，美国减少车祸的主要方法还是靠“软件”。车子是人开的，把好这一关，就能最大限度地减少车祸。

美国的司机主要是私人车辆驾车人。第一关，是考驾照。先付20美元左右，参加知识考试（knowledge test），主要是熟悉各种交通标识（signs）和法规，比如“必须让行人”，而后参加路试（driving test）。笔试容易通过，通常答对80%就过了。但路试相当严格。美国路试是开上马路“实地考察”的，考官坐在旁边观察计分。稍有疏漏，即淘汰出局。回想我当年来美国后的路试，就因一点“瑕疵”而被考官打叉，只得重考。那“瑕疵”是：在路口的“STOP”牌子前，没有停足三秒钟。

数年前我回国探亲时坐朋友的车。他“坦白交代”，没有参加过什么考试，驾照是公安局的朋友弄出来的。我很吃惊：这在美国是要关进去的。

驾车人过第二关，则是终身任务，需要始终牢记和遵循笔试中学得的规则，尤其是交通部门强调的如下几条原则：

其一，不可酒后驾车。高速公路旁常能看到这样的标语牌“Don’t Drink and Drive”，意思是喝酒就不要开车，要开车就不要喝酒。美国大约有三分之一的致命车祸（fatal crashes）是由酒醉驾车引起的。所以美国要严禁酒后驾车，严禁21岁以下的青年喝酒。

其二，扣上保险带（seat belt）。美国路边的警告牌上写着：“不扣吃罚单”（Click it or Ticket）。据统计，单是2009年，保险带在重大车祸中就保住了大约1万2千7百条性命。

其三，注意力集中。开车时不要翻找东西，不要换CD碟片，尤其是不要发短信（texting）。美国有的地方已经规定：开车时发短信是违法的。

其四，保持车距。要遵循“三秒钟原则”（3 Second rule），就是说，跟前面的车子要保持三秒钟的距离。车速越快，车距越大。

其五，疲劳丶困倦时，不可驾车（Don’t drive when you’re tired or drowsy）。如果是长途驾车，要有一个同伴（companion）。按照中国的说法，最好是“男女搭配，干活不累”。

至于公车和卡车司机，交通部门的要求更高丶更严，法律条款更细。比如，卡车司机的工作时间是有限定的。美国交通部（Department of Transportation）最新的规定是：7天一个周期，工作时间不得超过70个小时，任何1天不得超过11个小时，8个小时里必须要至少休息30分钟。违反一次，公司罚款1万1千美元，司机罚款2千7百50美元。





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